The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four

The word Tetrarchy means rule of four. It derives from the Greek words for four (tetra-) and rule (arch-). In practice, the word refers to the division of an organization or government into four parts, with a different person ruling each part. There have been several Tetrarchies over the centuries, but the phrase is usually used to refer to the division of the Roman Empire into a western and eastern empire, with subordinate divisions within the western and eastern empires. The Roman Tetrarchy Tetrarchy refers to the establishment by the Roman Emperor Diocletian of a 4-part division of the empire. Diocletian understood that the huge Roman Empire could be (and often was) taken over by any general who chose to assassinate the emperor. This, of course, caused significant political upheaval; it was virtually impossible to unite the empire. The reforms of Diocletian came after a period when many emperors had been assassinated. This earlier period is referred to as chaotic and the reforms were meant to remedy the political difficulties that the Roman Empire faced. Diocletians solution to the problem was to create multiple leaders, or Tetrarchs, located in multiple locations. Each would have significant power. Thus, the death of one of the Tetrarchs would not mean a change in governance. This new approach, in theory, would lower the risk of assassination and, at the same time, made it nearly impossible to overthrow the entire Empire at a single blow. When he split up the leadership of the Roman Empire in 286, Diocletian continued to rule in the East. He made Maximian his equal and co-emperor in the west. They were each called Augustus which signified that they were emperors. In 293, the two emperors decide to name additional leaders who could take over for them in the case of their deaths. Subordinate to the emperors were the two Caesars: Galerius, in the east, and Constantius in the west. An Augustus was always emperor; sometimes the Caesars were also referred to as emperors. This method of creating emperors and their successors bypassed the need for approval of emperors by the Senate and blocked the power of the military to elevate their popular generals to the purple. [Source: The City of Rome in late imperial ideology: The Tetrarchs, Maxentius, and Constantine, by Olivier Hekster, from Mediterraneo Antico 1999.] The Roman Tetrarchy functioned well during Diocletians life, and he and Maximian did indeed turn over leadership to the two subordinate Caesars, Galerius and Constantius. These two, in turn, named two new Caesars: Severus and Maximinus Daia.  The untimely death of Constantius, however, led to political warring. By 313, the Tetrarchy was no longer functional, and, in 324, Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome.   Other Tetrarchies While the Roman Tetrarchy is the most famous, other four-person ruling groups have existed through history. Among the best-known was The Herodian Tetrarchy, also called the Tetrarchy of Judea. This group, formed after the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, included Herods sons.

Analysis of Themes the Tenets of Romanticism Within Poetry

Analysis of Themes the Tenets of Romanticism within Poetry The romantic period in literature started in roughly the 1790s and ended around the 1830s. This was a period when people’s imagination and love for nature flourished, prospered and then sky-rocketed. When comparing the two poems The Ropewalk and Because I Could Not Stop for Death for theme and tenets of romanticism, it is evident that both poets’ exemplify the power of imagination and the weight of nature through poetic devices. While one poet expresses the individual-self the other contradicts with a more social mindset. These comparisons help reveal that the poets’ purposes are to notice the influence of imagination and to also relish nature. One of the major themes of both†¦show more content†¦Also, notice how â€Å"And Immortality.† is it’s own separate line and sentence. This is key because it puts an abundant amount of emphasis on the word immortality, which is the perfect use of diction; it is referring to how people will live on forever and how people’s imagination will live on forever. These two quotes of Long fellow and Dickenson also share the same theme of imagination. They both say that through diction, imagination can inspire us to strive and that we have an infinite and vast imagination that should not be forgotten. Although theme is a vital aspect in the poetry of this time period, another equally important aspect is the expression of the tenets of romanticism. One of the tenets of romanticism has two perspectives. From one perspective the poet writes about what is within himself; from the other perspective the poet writes about an external experience dealing with more than one person. As we analyze The Ropewalk, we can see how Longfellow has a more inner perspective, â€Å"Dull and drowsy, makes me feel/ All its spokes are in my brain.† (Longfellow 11-12) Longfellow uses the rhetorical device of diction to help describe a tenet. The poet could have made his poem more general by saying â€Å"people feel† or â€Å"the brain† but instead he chooses to say, â€Å"me feel† and â€Å"my brain†. Because the poet used this type of diction he helped define the romantic idea of a more personal and inner self. While this device within this quote is hidden, the romanticS how MoreRelated Creating Blakes Tyger Essay3597 Words   |  15 PagesCreating Blake’s â€Å"Tyger† The Eighteenth-century British Romantic, William Blake, was an accomplished painter, engraver, and illustrator during his lifetime, but is best remembered for his poetry. Though Blake’s genius was generally dismissed by the public of his own era and he died with little acclaim, he has since been regarded as one of the greatest figures of the Romantic Movement. Whether with paint or pen, Blake is renowned for his ability to create works of art which, overRead MoreUnderstanding The Consciousness Of The People Of London At The Time Essay2581 Words   |  11 PagesTracking the culture of a society has always proven to be a challenge. Historians and archeologists may study artifacts, books, poetry, among other cultural legacies in an attempt to understand the beliefs and lives of previous generations. However, this has a certain level of inaccuracy towards the beliefs of the average person in that society. To speak to that point, I wish to introduce Gilbert and Sullivan. Gilbert and Sullivan were a pair of opera writers operating in England between 1871 and

An Outline Of American History Essay Example For Students

An Outline Of American History Essay AN OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORYHeaven and Earth never agreed betterto frame a place for mans habitation.John Smith, 1607CHAPTER 1THE FIRST AMERICANSAt the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 B.C. , much of the worlds water was contained in vast continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and a land bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plant life, attracting the large animals that early humans hunted for their survival. The first people to reach North America almost certainly did so without knowing they had crossed into a new continent. They would have been following game, as their ancestors had for thousands of years, along the Siberian coast and then across the land bridge. Once in Alaska, it would take these first North Americans thousands of years more to work their way through the openings in great glaciers south to what is now the United States. Evidence of early life in North America continues to be found. Little of it, however, can be reliably dated before 12,000 B.C.; a recent discovery of a hunting lookout in northern Alaska, for example, may date from almost that time. So too may the finely crafted spear points and items found near Clovis, New Mexico. Similar artifacts have been found at sites throughout North and South America, indicating that life was probably already well established in much of the Western Hemisphere by some time prior to 10,000 B.C. Around that time the mammoth began to die out and the bison took its place as a principal source of food and hides for these early North Americans. Over time, as more and more species of large game vanished whether from overhunting or natural causes plants, berries and seeds became an increasingly important part of the early American diet. Gradually, foraging and the first attempts at primitive agriculture appeared. Indians in what is now central Mexico led the way, cultivating corn, squash and beans, perhaps as early as 8,000 B.C. Slowly, this knowledge spread northward. By 3,000 B.C., a primitive type of corn was being grown in the river valleys of New Mexico and Arizona. Then the first signs of irrigation began to appear, and by 300 B. C., signs of early village life. By the first centuries A.D. , the Hohokum were living in settlements near what is now Phoenix1, Arizona, where they built ball courts and pyramid-like mounds reminiscent of those found in Mexico, as well as a canal and irrigation system. MOUND BUILDERS AND PUEBLOSThe first Indian group to build mounds in what is now the United States are often called the Adenans. They began constructing earthen burial sites and fortifications around 600 B.C. Some mounds from that era are in the shape of birds or serpents, andprobably served religious purposes not yet fully understood. The Adenans appear to have been absorbed or displaced by various groups collectively known as Hopewellians. One of the most important centers of their culture was found in southern Ohio, where the remains of several thousand of these mounds still remain. Believed to be great traders, the Hopewellians used and exchanged tools and materials across a wide region of hundreds of kilometers. By around 500 A.D., the Hopewellians, too, disappeared, gradually giving way to a broad group of tribes generally known as the Mississippians or Temple Mound culture. One city, Cahokia, just east of St. .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .postImageUrl , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:hover , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:visited , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:active { border:0!important; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:active , .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b1e0e90ff2a0d72b48bfa085db3381c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Knights 2 Essay Louis, Missouri, is thought to have had a population of about 20,000 at its peak in the early 12th century. At the center of the city stood a huge earthen mound, flatted at the top, which was 30 meters high and 37 hectares at the base. Eighty other mounds have been found nearby. Cities such as Cahokia depended on a combination of hunting, foraging, trading and agriculture for their food and supplies. Influenced by the thriving societies to the south, they evolved into complex hierarchical societies which took slaves and practiced human sacrifice. In what is now the southwest United States, the

Digital Diplomacy for Foreign and Domestic Citizens-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDigital Diplomacy for Foreign and Domestic Citizens. Answer: Introduction The modern era cannot imagine its life without the presence of Internet. There have been many revolutions in the field of Internet over many ages and these changes have affected all the aspects of life and on among them are International Relations. One of the most important key of the foreign policy is Diplomacy. This has also been transformed by the effect of revolution. This topic examines the research statement Foreign policy in the age of Digital diplomacy and its impact on both foreign and domestic citizens, which would further elaborate on the factors that how nations are utilizing the tools of diplomacy while pursuing the foreign policies. The paper further inspects the challenges and opportunities; the media offer for the diplomatic operations and raise arguments that nations cannot bear the loss of lagging behind. The 21st century is an era of scientific advancement and development. It is a time when life has become a rat race and no one wants to fail in any aspect. All the industries have to carry on a huge amount of research and development activities in order to understand the increasing and changing pattern of the demands of their customers. As a result of which, the companies are adopting all the modern means of technology within their production process. No company wants to fall back in this era of huge competition. Hence, they are always trying to gain sufficient knowledge about the usage of all the modern scientific and technological means (Bijola and Holmes 2015). Digital Diplomacy and the activities in internet entirely provide assistance in projecting the foreign policy of the state to both foreign and domestic citizens. Digital diplomacy renders promises for conducting global relations, a few is known from the point of view of certain perspective that the way digital diplomacy can be conducted to certain degree of limitations, success within the zone of diplomacy and the way the nations are utilizing the strategies to make the growth of foreign policies effective. The paper further unearths the diplomatic activities and the way it promotes challenges and opportunities with new policies developing around the internet. Discussion What is meant by the term Digital Diplomacy? Digital Diplomacy also known as ediplomacy is one of the very useful and important tool for achieving diplomatic objectives. It is a method, through which nation designs the international policy and make the efforts coordinated in order to influence activities of decision making process and attitude of the International Governments through the initiation of negotiations, dialogue and violence. The digital diplomacy, a new form of diplomacy has been interpreted, understood and defined. According to Manor and Segrev (2015), diplomacy primarily identifies the increasing usage and utilization of social media platforms in nations so that it can gain sufficient amount of knowledge from the different foreign policies and the objectives and control reputation effectively. The authors that the presence of digital diplomacy can be found in two levels, foreign ministries and embassies, which are located across the world, have noted it. Through its maintenance of operations on these aspects, cou ntries can frame out international policy and messages of nation branded as a rare characteristics of local citizens in terms to traditions, value, history and culture, thereby allowing the approval of their foreign policy and the image, which has been aimed to be promoted. Lewis (2014) has defined this diplomacy as the utilization of the digital instruments for initiating communication by the diplomats in order to transmit information to the public. Hanson (2012) has defined digital diplomacy as use of internet and innovative technologies of information and communication to render support in order to carry out diplomatic aims. The United Kingdoms Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) elaborated its understanding of the concept of digital diplomacy in relation to the foreign policy. Digital diplomacy is the process of solving the problems of foreign policy through internet. It is regarded as a convenient method of diplomacy through a separate transmitter. It is through the use of web, that people can listen, evaluate and engage the foreign policy matter in many interesting ways. It is even possible to enlarge the scope of understanding and transmit directly with the government as well as with the society. However, the question arises, why it is significant to use digital diplomacy? It is significant in the sense that it makes the users to update them with the ideologies and policies of the politicians and accordingly, if the person does not consider digital debate, he can lose by default the argument. Therefore, in order to provide both the policy and information advices to the governments, the ministries o f foreign have depended on their staff and their diplomatic vision, the confidentiality of international relations communication and their way to entry to foreign decision makers (Bijola and Jiang 2015). The Governments has to depend on their respective ministers of foreign such a way that can explain the national interest in the best way possible. Negotiation is one of the most important tools in the field of foreign policies. It is considered to be very important and very useful in case of achieving the diplomatic objectives. Diplomatic negotiation processes are very important in case setting up international relations between countries and also between international organizations as well. Among the seven methods, negotiation is the first useful instrument that is used to settle many disputes between countries. In case of international relations between two countries or two organizations, there can be many sensitive issues like conflicts, mismatch of opinions and several other such problems. If these issues are not properly and timely handled then these can also lead to war and consequently it would lead to the disruption of peace. Hence, negotiation appears to be the most important tool in case of solving such disputes. This is because negotiation is a process that starts in a peaceful way by following methods of enquiry, pe rsuasion, arbitration, judicial settlements and several other things. Origin of Digital diplomacy can be traced down to the public diplomacy, which is an important form practicing diplomacy. It is defined from the perspective of, the instruments utilized by the states to have a clear idea of cultures, behavior and attitudes, manage and build relationships, manipulate thoughts and mobilize activities to make their values and interests active. Sotiri 2015has argued that bringing a larger number of public into the equation of diplomacy has enhanced many important stakeholders, who are taking participation in the field of International diplomacy, from the state-to-state interactions to the international non- governmental organizations and international Government organizations. Digital Diplomacy across globe Digital diplomacy is largely based on the usage of internet. In the modern day scenario, the most easy and quick means of sharing information is through the social networking media. As international relations require the sharing of many new polices and business decisions within a very short period of time and across far and distant regions, the social networking media like face book, twitter, blogs often become very handy and useful. Schwarzenbach (2015) noted that the largest transformation Twitter has given the foreign policy the entry to the real information and international engagement irrespective of political status of Nation. The first and foremost foreign ministry to set up dedicated unit of ediplomacy was the United States Department that has given birth to a taskforce on e-diplomacy in the year 2002. It has 160 full time employees engaged in the platform of social media, who are functioning across 25 different offices. The primary reason of creating the Office of eDiplomacy was to overcome the obstacles in knowledge making its contribution to the attacks 11 September and to bring improvements the State Department ability to transmit and share knowledge. After 9/11, the foreign policy of America became quite proactive, keen to penetrate because of the consistent agenda of digital diplomacy (Bijola and Jiang 2015). Other foreign ministers across the globe have started to welcome diplomacy. The UK FCO is having Digital Diplomacy office which is engaged in wider range of activities of ediplomacy. Sweden is also very active in the promotion of digital diplomacy, especially by following the strategy of online communication of the countries minister of foreign affairs Carl Bildt, who became the best connected leader in Twitter. In the year 2008, France has been indicated that the soft power of the country is believed on the digital technologies, while the foreign affairs department of Japan and Poland use a wide and extensive of the networks of social media (Holmes 2015). Furthermore, Germany turned to the platforms of ICT to the crowd source opinion and innovative ideas from the people that have fed into its year 2014 review of foreign policy. Israel is successful in while matching its assaultive traditional diplomacy with one of the important active units in the world of digital diplomacy, which h as worked harder to influence the outcome of US-Iran nuclear deals. A larger number of embassies are now having interactive based websites and accounts in Facebook and increasing ambassadors are actively present in Twitter, though certain accounts of social media are performing better. Some good examples can be Australias High Commission had made an attempt to answer live session of Question and Answer. Hashtags like #innovationXchange have been performed by the Twitter account to promote initiatives and stakeholders in the discussion (Holmes 2015). A report stated that, Twiplomacy in the year 2016 revealed that social media is regarded as an important communication mode for the Governments around the world and Twitter has become one of the important channels for choice to conduct diplomacy. In the continent Asia, in the field of digital, India is leading the way. The country has continued to invest in constructing its online outreach despite the constraints found in resources (Pamment 2016). The country has used Twitter to the excellent effect in order to gear the successful emptying of more than 19000 citizens from India from Libya during the start of civil war, which took place in 2011. India has started experimenting with the various ways in order to link overseas and local audiences through the application of mobile apps, live streaming of any issues or situations and through a responsive presence of social media (Pamment 2016). Critical issues surrounding digital diplomacy Digital diplomacy is not free from any kinds of criticisms. The utilization of social media media in the field of politics has added danger. It has been pointed by the diplomats of United States that Information regarding breaking the international crises that once upon a time took place days or hours for the officials of government has played a good time to the audiences, not only through television and radio, but also over the internet. Ironically enough, for the creators of policy, immediate propagation about the events both near and far has proved to be useful for the audiences (Holmes 2015; Pilegard 2016). In the other words, it can be stated that Digital diplomacy is carrying risks, which includes information leakages, anonymity of internet users and hacking. The most recent example is interference of Russia in the US election in the year 2016. The Government of Russia began its process of hacking through its attempt to infiltrate an election technology of America, which is kno wn by the name VR systems, which is a company based in Florida. The attackers used a technique of spear phishing, sending emails at a personalized level to various employees of the company, trying to trick the employees or manipulating them into entering into a false login Google form. There are both pros and cons of this process of digital diplomacy. As the very name suggests, the process of digital diplomacy is largely based on the usage of social networks which is increasing and changing day by day. Hence, it often becomes a major problem to keep in pace with the ever-changing and the ever-growing world of social networks. On the other hand, one of the last important issues that need to be handled very carefully in case of foreign policies is the issue of hacking. There are many risks that are associated with relying upon the social networking platforms as a tool of foreign diplomacy. Another important issue that needs tom checked is the issue of blackouts and censorship on the media. In other words international relations are mainly carried on between many two or more foreign countries tries and the government or political scenario of different country varies. There are many countries where the media is often subjected to blackouts, which would greatly affect t he process of digital diplomacy. Another risk associated is the information leakage. A good example can be the Wikileaks episode. On 28 November; turmoil was spread among the foreign ministers across the world as the website of Wikileaks started publishing 260,000 diplomatic cables, which were sent between the missions of United States across the world and the Department of State in Washington. The cables incorporated frank based assessments by the diplomats from US, governments and the host nations. Another risk that was very much prevalent right from the time of the invention of internet is hacking. A good example incorporates the case of a hacking attack on Yuli Edelsteins personal website, a Minister from Israel for the Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs. The minister commented on this and stated that nothing will stop him from practicing public diplomacy on behalf of Israel State. He intended to continue to defend the state interests on all fronts of the state including in the internet (Constantinou 2016). Another incident that took place recently is a hacking group known by the name Fancy Bear made an attempt to spy on the artillery unites of Ukraine due to its distribution of application of androids apps used for targeting of weapons. It is still unclear how successful was the effort. However, according to the firm, the android app has the potential to map out the composition of an unit and hierarchy, determine their plans and even their location approximately. The app, which is in question, allowed the military forces of Ukraine to quickly pinpoint their aims and distributed to the units, which are operating the Soviet era towed Howitzer (Constantinou 2016). The hackers from Russia distributed their version of the application on the social media platforms, which are famous among the service members from Ukraine. The troops from Ukraine operating the D-30 suffered above the rates of average casualty and according to Crowdstrike, that this might have taken place because of being tracked by a malicious natured application (Constantinou 2016). Another obstacle of this diplomacy is the anonymitys culture which states that anyone can work on the adoption of any persona, attack and addresses anyone. Any person can imitate pretends to be someone else or best described as an imposter, who is active to cause mischief. Interestingly, as well, even the advocates of digital diplomacy and committed several mistakes in the different uses (Constantinou 2016). For example, the day before the world economic forum this took place in Davos, the foreign minister from Sweden, Carl Bildt, posted a politically incorrect tweet Leaving Stockholm and heading for Davos. Looking forward to World Food Program dinner tonight. Global hunger is an urgent issue! #davos. The Twitter users immediately have banned the ministers post on twitter and LSO banned it from being viewed by the rest of the public (Constantinou 2016). Advantages of Digital diplomacy In todays world, the use of digital diplomacy is important. The word is framed in such a way that both non- state and states waged in the field of competition with each other, but online. This online space now help more than 2.5 billion users, most of the users can only access the internet through their cellphone. However, if the digital diplomacy is used properly, the diplomacy is persuasively supplementing the old diplomacy that can provide help to the country in its foreign policy goals, extend the global reach and influence the people who would never set their foot in any of the embassies of the world. According to Fisher (2013), the advantages of using social media provide opportunities in order to reach out to the citizens of the other nations in the real time. The platforms of social media provide spaces for the purpose of interaction, enhances engagement and thus accelerating the objectives of diplomacy. The social media can be accessed with the potential ease because of the low cost comparing to the other methods, which have made it an attractive tool for many embassies, government offices, which are witnessing cut in the budgets and the demand to increase the potentiality of engagement. There are many platforms, which allow the utilization of dynamic contents such as photos, videos than the accidental procedures of delivering lectures or giving out pamphlets. Along with this, social media act as important channels while trying to reach out the young populations, which is now a major aim of the efforts of public diplomacy (Live 2016). Digital technologies can be made useful in the information field, processing, collection, in the zone of actions of consulate and for the purpose of communications, during disasters and emergencies. The global practices presented that skillful utilization of this diplomatic tools can bring forth the bigger dividends to the investors. To top it, always, digital diplomacy does not require any monetary investments (Melissen and Caesar 2016). On the contrary, the diplomacy has aimed to reduce its costs. The human factors involve the need for the employees to grow and develop and also master the skill of using the new technologies and spending a part of their time while working with the targeted audiences in Internet. Much of the Foreign ministers work across the world is continuing to be controlled through the ordinary processes of diplomacy, instructions given to the foreign embassies, negotiations and meetings (Cooper 2016). Thus, digital diplomacy would not be substitute the classical diplomacy, only if this diplomacy is being properly controlled with skills, this particular instrument can strengthen the functioning of the state in the international relations and foreign policy much faster and make it a cost effective. Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that the present day scenario has been largely influenced by the Internet and its uses. The social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook look forward for different missions with straight access to the citizens outside and inside of the nations. The developments and innovations in ICT resulted in the handling of the information, which gets generated everywhere, rendering the information disseminate, far and wide, allowing the common people to work upon and make their own judgments, expressing their feelings,concerns and even leave an impact on the makers of policy. Consequently, the process followed by the government for waging interaction, which would reach faster in other parts of the world. The diplomacy brings challenges and opportunities. On one hand, the social media is updating country with the information to bring solutions to the problems and on the other hand, it has been misused for the self-purpose. It is needless to say that digital diplo macy is a new kind of diplomacy and it is impacting the foreign policy by directly linking with the public diplomacy. References Bjola, C. and Holmes, M., 2015.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Routledge. Bjola, C. and Jiang, L., 2015. Social media and public diplomacy: a comparative analysis of the digital diplomatic strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, ed. Corneliu Bkola, and Marcus Holmes, pp.71-88. Constantinou, C., 2016. Everyday diplomacy: mission, spectacle and the remaking of diplomatic culture.Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives, pp.23-40. Cooper, A.F., 2016. The changing nature of diplomacy.Roultege Fisher, A. 2013. The use of social media in public diplomacy: Scanning E-diplomacy by embassies in Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://takefiveblog.org/2013/02/19/ the-use-of-social-media-in-public-diplomacy-scanning-ediplomacy-by-embassies-in-washington-dc/ on 17-11-2017 Gilboa, E., 2016. Digital diplomacy.The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, pp.540-551 Hanson, F. 2012, October 25. Baked in and wired: eDiplomacy@State, Foreign Policy Paper Series no 30 (pp. 141), Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Holmes, M., 2015. Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice,13. Holmes, M., 2015. The future of digital diplomacy.Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice, pp.199-206. Lewis, D. 2014. Digital diplomacy. Retrieved from https://www. gatewayhouse.in/digital-diplomacy-2/ Live, D., 2016. Digital Diplomacy Review Ranking 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016. Manor, I., Segev, C. 2015. Americas selfie: How the US portrays itself on its social media accounts. In C. Bjola M. Holmes (Eds.), Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice (pp. 89108). New York, NY: Routledge Melissen, J. and Caesar-Gordon, M., 2016. Digital diplomacy and the securing of nationals in a citizen-centric world.Global Affairs,2(3), pp.321-330. Pamment, J., 2016. Digital diplomacy as transmedia engagement: Aligning theories of participatory culture with international advocacy campaigns.new media society,18(9), pp.2046-2062. Pilegaard, J., 2016. Virtually Virtual? The New Frontiers of Diplomacy. Schwarzenbach, B. 2015. Twitter and diplomacy: How social media revolutionizes interaction with foreign policy. Retrieved from https://thediplomaticenvoy.com/2015/10/12/ twitter-and-diplomacy-how-social-media-revolutionizesour-interaction-with-foreign-policy/ Sotiriu, S. 2015. Digital diplomacy: Between promises and reality. In C. Bjola M. Holmes (Eds.), Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice (pp. 3351). New York, NY: Routledge.

Fetal Stroke Essay Example

Fetal Stroke Essay A very starry time if life is when you find out something is wrong but don’t have an answer for the reason why. My daughter, Schae had processing delay troubles from the beginning. After many tests, the last being an MRI we found that She had an In utero stoke in the frontal lobe. As part of my research I found a great deal of information on the effects of a stroke but only a little on the causes, so I will cover both aspects. In utero stoke, also called fetal stroke, is when a blockage of the blood supply to a portion of the brain. Which part/lobe of the brain the stroke occurs will present with different symptoms. According to a 2008 Stoke fact sheet (2) there are two types of strokes: Ischemic stroke, which is most common, is the blockage of the inflow of arterial blood flow. Hemorrhagic stroke is the bursting or breakage of a blood vessel. Ischemic stroke occurs in 1 of 4000 full term babies. (3) Ischemic strokes typically occur at or just before birth but could have occurred as early as 13 weeks. Fetal stroke can lead to developmental learning disabilities that cover a very broad scope of severity and issues. A learning disability is a child that finds it more difficult to learn, understand and to do things compared to other children of the same age. (4) The degree of disability can vary greatly. Some children will never learn to speak and even when they grow up will need help with looking after themselves, but on the other side is a child that has such a mild disability that it is barely recognizable. The cause of the disability can also very significantly. Causes include: genetic factors, infection before birth, and brain injury at birth, brain infections or brain damage after birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Fetal Stroke specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fetal Stroke specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fetal Stroke specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In nearly one-half of the children affected, the cause of the disability remains unknown. The effects of learning disability are apparent to the child, they are aware that they are not like the rest of the class, the real problem is giving them the skills to understand and communicate when they are experiencing a problem. Speech problems can make it even harder for other people to understand them thus causing more frustration. Another sidebar problem is the parent’s, as well as the siblings, frustration with trying to communicate with the disabled child. To treat developmental learning disability, you must have patients, knowledge of tools available, and professional help, school teachers and psychologists. The types of developmental learning disabilities are mostly discovered in school type setting. This allows an evaluation by the trained professional teacher to include skill set and cognitive weaknesses. The following are types of developmental disabilities. Motor difficulties is a problem with the movement and coordination whether it is with fine motor skills, (drawing, writing, use of scissors) or gross motor skills (running, jumping). This is referred to as an â€Å"output† activity. The brain communicates with the necessary limbs to complete the action. A sign of this may include problems with hand-eye coordination, like holding a eating utensils or buttoning pants. Math difficulties vary greatly depending of the child’s other strength and weaknesses. This is affected by language learning or visual disorder or a difficulty with sequencing, memory or organization. A child with this disability may struggle with memorization and organization or numbers, operation signs and number facts and trouble with counting principles (such as counting by groups of numbers 4, 5, 10) or have difficulty telling time. Language and communication disabilities have to do with the ability to understand and speak the spoken language. This is also considered an output activity, because it involves activity from the brain to use the right words and verbally explain something to someone else. Signs of this disability include problems with verbal language skills, (retelling a story, ability to understand the meaning of words, parts of speech, directions). Reading difficulties are broken down into two types. Basic reading problems are difficulty in understanding the relationship between sounds, letters and words. Reading Comprehension is the inability to get the meaning of words, phrases and paragraphs. Signs of reading problems include; letter and word recognition, understanding words and ideas, reading speed and fluency, vocabulary skills. Writing difficulties include the physical act of writing or the mental activity of comprehending and synthesizing the information. Basic writing disorder is a physical difficulty forming works and letters. Expressive writing disability is a struggle to organize thoughts on paper. Some symptoms are the act of writing and include; neatness and consistency of writing, accurately copying letters and words, spelling consistency and writing organization and coherence. Auditory and visual processing are the input processes. If the either of these two aren’t working then developmental learning can suffer. The ability to hear well greatly affects the ability to read, write and spell. Distinguishing the subtle differences in sound or hearing sounds at the wrong speed makes it difficult to sound out words and understand the basic concepts of reading and writing. Visual perception problems are missing subtle differences is shapes, reversing letters or numbers skipping words or lines, having problems with eye-hand coordination. This is referred to as visual processing. Refer to appendix A. for table. Causes of developmental learning disabilities are not an exact science. 10 percent of children have a learning disability. Learning disabilities tend to run in families, so some learning disability may be inherited. A majority of the causes involve something brain related, it could have been a stroke in ureto, complications with delivery that involve a lack of oxygen, or environmental. Some causes impact the brain development before, during, or after birth (drugs, poor nutrition). Mothers smoking can cause oxygen deficiency which can lead to developmental learning disability. Treatment for developmental learning disability depending on the severity of and type of disability, the most common is based on the ADD (Attention deficit disorder). There is a wide variety of treatments; the most common and most accepted treatment is educational intervention. Some of these techniques include teaching student’s strategies or tricks to overcome specific deficits. Developing a individual education plan (IEP) for the student allow for all involved, parents, teachers, psychologists, and students to be moving toward the same common goal. Managing the child’s diet will help the child better concentrate in class. When these techniques fail or are have slow progress an alternative is to use chemicals/drugs to slow the urges to act less impulsively and more able to be responsive to the teachers methods of instruction. There are side effects which sometimes greatly complicate the process. I have a personal experience with developmental learning disabilities. My daughter, here is her story. She was a quiet baby; Schae was our third child/daughter born. Schae took longer to do some of the things that her sisters did. Schae was 18 months before she walked and talked. Schae’s sisters had walked and talked very early, nine months. There was something about Schae, you couldn’t define any one thing, but all that came in contact with her just loved her. In preschool the teachers were concerned about Schae progress, it lagged the other students. My wife and I knew there was something wrong, but what? When Schae Started kindergarten, the teacher suggested we test her, we requested that the school do tests on her to determine where she was learning wise. Schae IQ was normal, but she had a processing delay. It takes her longer, if at all, to understand things. When Schae was in first grade we took her to see the pediatrician who referred us to a neurologist. The neurologist saw a problem with Schae’s gate (she walked only on her tiptoes). After an MRI, they found that she had a stroke in utero in her frontal lop. This affected her ability to process information. Externally she looked and acted fine, but when trying to understand something basic, it was apparent that there was something not right. The symptoms present like attention deficit disorder, so the treatment also falls in line with the symptoms. One of the hardest challenges is helping her to do her homework. We are not sure how it came to be that she wanted to do well but she does. Schae struggled greatly with her school work. No matter how much her mother and I worked with her, she did not understand the current topic whether it be math, reading or spelling. We would make up flash cards and drill whatever it took just to see a glimmer of understanding. That was before we decided that our willpower for her to understand was not enough Schae has an intrinsic motivation to please us by doing well in school but just did not have the tools to do it. It was difficult for her to just sit still to concentrate. She wanted to go in a hundred different directions at once. Schae’s turning point occurred when she realized that using all the tools that we put before her will help her do better in school. We had to turn to medical tools to assist in her focusing problems. We were extremely reluctant at first. We tried diet modification, a holistic approach, but nothing worked. We had to at least attempt the medical solution. At first it we tried a few different flavors of medicine. The first few really affected her personality, in fact so much that we had decided that nothing would be worse than what the medicine did to her. After going back to her doctor, we found one that was minimally invasive to her natural personality. Schae has a natural instinct to take care of others; some would say she was born to be a mother, and a sensitivity of others (sometimes not so much with her sisters). This is what drives her will to do better in school. Schae’s instincts, other than the basic are to please others. I say this because when everything is done, Schae basic nature is to please others. Maybe because of the other issues Schae deals with, her strongest quality is that she is very loving and nurturing. Even from birth people were drawn to Schae. I am still not sure why people love her, maybe it is her calm easy going nature or just the fact that they see that she struggles but maintains a great attitude thought out. Schae’s drive is the same as any other 10year old. She requires food, sleep and water. There was a time when she was younger, 4-5 years old, that the urge to use the bathroom was not as strong as it should have been and she would have accidents. One time in school, in 2nd grade, Schae had an accident in front of the whole class. This would have been horrifying for most, but Schae just went about her business not affected by the class around her or the teasing in the weeks to follow. As with all things the kids came back around to her easy going personality and her friends were still her friends. There were those that did continue to tease Schae, but her mother and I have ensured that Schae stays away from them. For Schae in the past was difficult times, the frustration on her and our parts was miserable. It was very difficult to figure out what to do next. Our nature was to help her achieve her full potential and when our most diligent efforts failed, it was time to find another way. The medical solution is working right now. It greatly helps her concentrate with minimal affects to her natural personality. Our ultimate goal is to have Schae be able to mentally control herself to a point that she can control her impulses to stray from the matter at hand. After I took a listening class (here at Curry) I heard of an adults childhood experience, where she did not want to take medicine and used a commonsense approach to concentration and focus. This person would focus on the instructor’s eyes whenever she spoke; this helped her focus on the spoken word. One morning at the breakfast table I suggested Schae try this for the day, just to see if it would work for Schae. When she came home that day, she said it made a difference she was able to tune her focusing skill to a point that she was able to understand the teacher better. So like most things new to Schae, we have to reminder her for a little while then she will just start doing it. I see in Schae’s future that she will leave the medical approach behind and use her mental adaption to keep her focus and attentive skills in line. Schae’s heart driven approach to life will pave the way to great success in life whether that be financial or social. Fetal Stroke is a serious problem that is mainly hidden from the public media and with research will hopefully lead to cause and prevention. Developmental learning disability is a multi-dynamic problem today with one in ten being diagnosed with some form of learning disability. The causes are being better understood, and the typed being further identified. Treatment is constantly evolving and with any hope a bridge will be forged between the educational and medical fields to come to a common treatment plan that is most beneficial and effective to the child. Biography 1. http://www. rcpsych. ac. uk/mentalhealthinfoforall/mentalhealthandgrowingup/10learningdisability. aspx 2. http://www. pediatricstroke. org/stroke_facts. htm 3. Stroke in newborn infants. , Nelson, KB, Lynch, JK. Lancet Neurology, 2004, 4. http://helpguide. org/mental/learning_disabilities. htm#common 5. Treatment of learning disabilities By Roberto Tuchman http://int-pediatrics. org/PDF/Volume%2015/15-2/tuchman. pdf Appendix A Learning disability causes chart. Common Types of Learning Disabilities

Integrity essays

Integrity essays Integrity is defined by Websters as a firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values (INCORRUPTIBILITY,) an unimpaired condition (SOUNDNESS,) and the quality or state of being complete or undivided (COMPLETENESS.) These are a couple examples of types of integrity: integrity of character, professional integrity. How I would define integrity is how one handles themselves with responsibility and the ability to take the consequences brought on by the lack there of. A leader is the role model or mentor by which a group or person that is under their command is most influenced. Eventually this will lead to a molding or modeling of this group or persons behavior. This is why a leader must have and maintain the highest standard of character and integrity whether on or off duty. Integrity of ones character will consist of honor, virtue, allegiance, and subordination. Without integrity the leader can never gather the respect and confidence of junior and senior members within the group whether it be a team, squad, platoon, or troop. Now I feel that integrity is a very hard characteristic to keep whole due to the verity of every aspect that is needed to exploit it. The quality of integrity is not a trait that we are born with; rather it is learned as we go through life. Not all good leaders have backgrounds that would indicate their level of integrity either. Instead, during the process of learning, integrity of the person is developed. As with fingerprints, no two people have the exact value system that we live by. So this makes it very hard two judge one anothers integrity or lack there of. The process of learning integrity starts when we are very young and is set by those around us such as our parents, teachers, other family members, as well as friends. With this, the level of integrity of those around us reflects the level of integrity that we have. In the military our integr...

Business Policy and Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Essay Example Special alert control is more straightforward to explain. A special alert control is the thorough, and often rapid, reconsideration of the firm’s strategy because of a sudden, unexpected event (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† Slide 13-10). The economic and financial recession of 2008 greatly affected Starbuck’s key market segments in America and Europe. Surprisingly, the Asian markets were fairly more stable and have continued to grow. Starbucks executives must have been rued that they had not expanded more rapidly globally because they would have been able to balance their portfolio with the Asian outlets if they were many enough. Premise control is designed to check systematically and continuously whether the premises on which the strategy is based are still valid (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† 13-8). From the lessons learned through the recession, consumer behavior in the Western world is b ound to change, even if only by a small degree. This constituency of â€Å"changing† consumers includes Starbucks’ market segment and therefore the organization will have to redefine who their new target market is, and what their new behaviors are. This may call for, probably, a change of direction in the new products that the company will produce in future.

The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace Research Paper

The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace - Research Paper Example resource professionals of a company must know how to deal with Communications, Change and Adaptability to monitor and to effectively bring about normality in the environment where so many ethnicities are working together in harmony. This is the need of the time now that diversity increases over the future upcoming years, however the companies are now very vigilant with this and they are ready to spend a lot to recognise this factor and manage on diversity at the workplaces. The more an organization accepts the cultural diversity in itself, the more is their ratio of making more profits and the more beneficial is this factor for them. And, in the corporate environment, when diversity is handled carefully, there are so many benefits that come their way that they might not realise: A greater number of solutions to the problems, resources and a great variety of sourcing can be done by diversity. All the employees coming from different ethnic groups and different cultures bring along different talents that help in customer satisfactions and bringing diverse kind of methods to handle the corporate matters which are only in the advantage of the companies that they are employed in. A large pool of ideas and concepts arise when so many different languages and so many cultural perspectives are mixed together in one place which helps the company to maintain or fasten the pace in their business matters and daily tasks. This way the customers can be handled and also they can be managed perfectly. Companies that inhibit the cultural diversity are on a loss big time, however on the contrary, the companies that encourage this thing, flourish over the period and greater productivity, return on investments and profits are encountered. The first barrier could be the ways of perception and the language barriers, and for a company to flourish, it needs to overcome these key barriers as they a long way otherwise and make the teamwork and morale of the teams get ineffective. Some

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple - Essay Example This form of expansion would include setting up a manufacturing base for sourcing products to the Asia pacific region and USA. Porter’s Diamond Model Michel Porter’s diamond model is used to analyze the aspect of success of firms in a particular international market (refer annexure 2). The dimensions of this model include the following aspects (Klug, 2006, p.14). Factor Conditions Apple with its talented pool of resources and innovative approach can easily use the talented pool of resources available in China. China offers a ready supply of skilled labor force at cheap rates that can help the company to manufacture products at very low prices. Demand Conditions China is the largest populated nation of the world and is also witnessing high growth in its economy. According to the CIA the GDP of the nation in terms of purchasing power parity is about 10.09 trillion US dollars as of 2010. Along with this the growing Western influence has also affected the consumer behavior of the Chinese consumers making it a market with huge potential for Apple to exploit (CIA, 2011). Related and Supporting Industries The presence of suppliers and a close co-ordination helps generate competitive advantage for the organization. Apple has been known to have a cordial approach in its relationship with the suppliers and also shares an innovative approach in research and development that can be very well replicated in China to generate competitive advantage. Strategy, Rivalry and Structure The industry segment catered by Apple is highly competitive with a large number of firms competing against each other in the market. The Chinese market is also categorized by the presence of fake and pirated goods. Apple with its innovative and high quality product offering can easily fill this gap that arises between the consumer demands and the product offering and generate competitive advantage. CAGE Analysis CAGE analysis is often used by organizations to evaluate new markets and na tions by firm while expanding internationally. CAGE stands for cultural, administrative, geographic and economic distance (Sethna, 2008, p.25-28). CAGE analysis is often used by organizations to evaluate new markets and nations by firm while expanding internationally. CAGE stands for cultural, administrative, geographic and economic distance (Sethna, 2008, p.25-28). Cultural Cultural factors are very important in case of international expansion as it helps in generating a better connect with the customers. Hofstede’s proposed five dimensions that can be used to analyse the cultural aspects namely, power distance index, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. In these aspects China has been ranked 118 in the world and has the highest rank in Asia (refer annexure 3). This shows high values for culture and hence implies that Apple must follow a ‘glocalised’ approach in its expansion into China. Administrative China has autocratic governance and has strict laws governing the nation. The nation however has opened up its economy and is keen on getting foreign investors in the nation as a part of its liberalisation program. China however still maintains a cautious outlook towards foreign companies and tries to protect its domestic industries. Geographic

The Gender Division Of Labour Sociology Essay

The Gender Division Of Labour Sociology Essay Functionalists put forward a structuralist view of the family and within that context, how they understand conjugal roles. Parson believed the gender division of labour was natural and desirable. He also suggested that men and women had biologically determined personality types. Parson suggested that the roles carried out by women were not inferior, just different. They complimented the role carried out by men. He believed that women were more expressive then men and children were best socialised when they live in a warm, caring environment. The expressive female was also essential to stabilise the adult male personality by meeting his emotional and sexual needs. As a result, the family benefits when women stay at home. Also, men are better at providing for their family because they have instrumental personalities. He also stated that in the industrial society, isolated nuclear families have become more dominant. These families have become isolated from their extended families becaus e of commitments such as work demands. The conjugal pair therefore looked to each other to provide for their needs. In recent years, Parsons view has been supported by a number of groups, including New Right Conservation. They believed traditional, segregated conjugal roles were best for the family and wider society. However, to their concern, they believe they have been threatened by family diversity and the changing roles and expectations of women, resulting in a number of social problems such as underachievement and delinquency. Therefore, suggesting that they see the family as a structure that influences the development and attitudes of its members. Looking at Young and Willmotts analysis of the symmetrical family, they suggest that families today are more equal than before and have moved from segregated conjugal roles. This movement was through the result of a march of progress. There are several reasons for this. The first is that women are in paid employment, giving them financial independence and leading to greater sharing of power and status within the family. Unlike before, there are also changing expectations of husbands and family life. Also, there is a change in the size of families today, which are smaller. This may be due to changes in lifestyle, contraception and abortion. With the loss of the extended family this meant that the conjugal couple depended on each other practically and emotionally, both contributing to the duties within the home and sharing decisions. As a result, marriage today is becoming an equal partnership. Gershuny supports the view of Young and Willmott, that there is a greater equality. The foundation of his work over the past three decades is through the use of time use diaries. Gershuny sustains that the division of labour remains unfair, not because of the work itself, but because of its relationship to longer-term power structures within a society. (The Guardian, 2008). Although there is some progress towards greater sharing, it is very slow. He suggested that it may take a generation for men to make an equal contribution, describing this as lagged adaptation. Post Modernists argue that the world is no longer predictable. Society has entered a postmodern phase where there is no dominant family type and where individuals have the opportunity to create family relationships that are more suitable for them. Families are much more diverse today. In todays society, home life is much better than it used to be. There are also an increased number of appliances in the home, making home life more desirable and more men are willing to stay at home and help with household duties and childcare. This is similar to Young and Willmotts view on changing gender identities, describing men as New Men, helping to emphasis a change in attitudes. Also, some women are content with staying at home, taking on parenting and housework duties. In short, Young and Willmotts and others have argued that while conjugal roles are not completely equal they have become more equal. However, Feminists have criticised Parsons image of society that too much emphasis is laid upon how social control within families can reduce the potential for underachievement and delinquency. Also, there is no evidence of the biologically expressive female. Critics of Young and Willmott suggest there is insufficient sociological evidence to clearly support their argument. Most evidence suggests considerable inequality, especially where women are in paid employment. Feminists argue that the gender division of labour is culturally created and that there is insufficient evidence that conjugal roles have become more shared. They portray that the division of labour works to the advantage of men, leaving women in a position of inferiority in both power and work. Feminists believe the family is patriarchal because women must do housework without pay, which exploits and oppresses women because they are socialised to be dependent on men. According to Ann Oakleys (1974) research, women still felt that housework and childcare was their responsibility, even when they are in paid employment they still take on the responsibility of childcare and housework, this is known as the triple shift. This also contradicts the argument of Young and Willmott that as more women take paid employment outside of the home men increasingly share the housework and childcare. They also disagree with the new rights view of separate roles and they disagree with the march of progr ess view, stating that society has not changed and it is still unequal. Feminists also reject the theory that there is one best family type, they embrace freedom and diversity. They also see the traditional nuclear family as the main reason for womens oppression, suggesting that family ideology makes problems such as domestic violence worse, as women believe they should stand by their man no matter what the outcome is. These women may blame themselves for being bad wives and see themselves as deserving to be punished. Feminists reject Parsons view that women were biologically determined and believe they are socially constructed. They blame the media for this construction of women, often portraying them as housewives, cleaners, domestic servants offering comfort and support for men and presenting them as a mans sex object to tend to his sexual needs, suggesting that these roles are natural and normal. This is therefore seen as an example of patriarchal ideology. Marxist feminists believe that female workers are taken advantage of at a higher level than males as they are seen as a source of unpaid domestic labour, benefiting capitalism. Interactionism criticise both functionalists and feminists because both assume that social structure determines gender roles. Functionalists believe that family meets the needs of the individual and the family and Feminists believe that family maintains patriarchy. Interactionism has a more micro theory focusing on relationships between individuals and outcomes rather than roles, including things like social class, ethnic, lesbian and gay differences. In short, there is little evidence of sharing of power and the cultural dominance of men over women persists. Critics say that women have hidden powers controlling the home and have sexual power. They also say that feminism has led to greater opportunities for women in education and the workplace and cultural change in female ambitions. Based on the above arguments and evidence, there remains considerable disagreement within Sociology over the dispute of conjugal roles. While Functionalists believe that roles are progressively equal in modern society, Feminists maintain that there is very little empirical evidence to support this. For them, there remains considerable inequality. However, Interactionists and Post Modernists are critical of both approaches for a presumptuous view of conjugal roles and for ignoring the diversity of family and household structures and outcomes.

Movie Review: The Mirror Has Two Faces :: essays research papers

Movie Review: The Mirror Has Two Faces The movie stares Barbara Streisand as Rose Morgan a lonely, single, low self esteemed woman who lives with her domineering mother Hannah Morgan played by Lauren Becall in New York. Jeff Bridges who plays Gregory Larkin a math instructor at Columbia University is a man in search of the perfect woman who is not interested in sex but only companship. Greg places a personal ad in a singles paper and receives enormous response. He reviews the responses to his ad and decides on a response that featured Rose. Greg calls the number on the response and a woman answers the phone who is Roses sister Claire. Claire explains to Greg that she responded to the ad without Roses consent and that Rose is not a women of great beauty. Greg explains that he is not in search of a woman with great beauty, just a woman for companship. Greg calls Rose on the telephone and the two decide to have dinner as friends. They adore each others companship and start to spend more and more time together as best friends. They become extremely flexibly enmeshed and are very compatible with each other. As time passes and they grow closer to each other they decide to get married by the justice of the peace. Roses mother who is dependent on her objects to the idea and thinks the marriage is wrong. She uses plenty of guilt trying to persuade Rose not to marry Greg. The marriage takes place and the Rose moves into Greg's apartment where their are separate twin beds for Rose and Greg. The first night of living together Greg indirectly suggests the two should have sex. Rose does not understand and falls asleep on Greg. As time passes and the two start to become flexibly connected and share their most hidden secrets with each other. Greg accepts a three month job offer over seas. Rose agrees that he should jump at the opportunity and supports him in his decision. Rose decides that the arrangement of a no sex marriage is not going to work. She decides one night before Greg leaves for three months to seduce him into having sex with her. Greg objects to the idea after about five minuets and explains his feelings to Rose which infuriates her causing her to run back to her mothers chaotically enmeshed home. Greg leaves for work over seas calling Rose on the telephone every spare minute he has only to be greeted by her jealous and domineering mother stating she is not home or available unknown to Rose.

Disability Affects Devleopment

3. 3 – Explain how disability may affect development Children with a disability may be subjected to prejudice or discrimination at school. They may be bullied or ridiculed by other students which will affect their self-confidence and in turn affect their learning capabilities and development. Disabilities are categorised in different forms i. e. learning or physical. Learning disabilities which affect development could be. Autism; autism is a developmental disability which affects how a person relates and communicates with other people and the world around them.A child/young person with autism finds it difficult to understand facial expressions or the tone of a voice. They can feel lonely and cut off from society as they avoid social interaction. This could affect their ability to development or interact in social settings or in the classroom. Dyslexia; is a difficulty in learning to read. A child/young person suffering from this may become frustrated and problems could arise at home or in school, behavioural problems could also be seen, as well as the child becoming unmotivated or developing a dislike for school.If dyslexia is undetected then this will affect their development at school and could spoil any chance of achievement. Cerebral palsy; cerebral palsy is a condition which affects the movement, posture and co-ordination of a person. A child/young person with this disability may only be affected physically with this disability while others could be affected by seizures, epilepsy or difficulties with speech and language. The social model of disability. In the 1970’s and 1980’s a civil rights based approach was developed by disabled people.Buildings were built in such a way that there was no access for wheelchairs. Information was produced in a way that disabled people could not use. Attitudes and stereotypes about a disabled person prohibited a disabled person from having the same opportunities as an able bodied person. Special servic es were created that kept disabled people segregated and cut off from everybody. The medical model of disability. Under this model a disabled person was defined by their illness or medical condition. If they did not fit into society then they were institutionalised or kept isolated at home.A disabled person had no options over: What school they attended, what support they received, If they were allowed to work and where they could work. Overall in the last fifty years there has been a huge step in thinking when it comes to the care and education of disabled children and young people. in the past the social and medical mode of disability meant that opportunities for learning and developing were denied for those with disabilities. However, today there is a different approach and majority of settings look for ways of increasing learning and development for disabled children and young people.

How to Tie a Windsor Knot Essay Essays

How to Tie a Windsor Knot Essay Essays How to Tie a Windsor Knot Essay Essay How to Tie a Windsor Knot Essay Essay Do you desire to be respected? Do you desire grownups to halt handling you like some cockamamie small child? Well so have on a tie. Neckties are a great manner to demo everyone that you are serious! They are a symbol of power and authorization. Think about it. everyone who has any power wears a tie. The president wears ties every twenty-four hours and even military functionaries are given a tie as apart of their uniform. Unfortunately to have on a tie you must cognize how to bind a tie. but do non fear I am here to assist. Here is a list of measure by measure instructions to assist you larn how to bind a tie. Just purchase the tie of your pick and your ready to travel. The Windsor KnotMaterials: For a Windsor knot you must first purchase a necktie. Measure 1: Topographic point the broad terminal of the tie on your right side and the scraggy terminal on your left side. Measure 2: Traverse the broad terminal over the scraggy terminal. The broad portion should be on top of the scraggy portion. The broad tip should be touching your left side and the scraggy portion should be touching your right side. Measure 3: Bring the broad in through the expression at the centre of your cervix. You should convey the broad in through the rear of the cringle. Pull the broad in all the manner through the cringle around your cervix. Measure 4: Once the broad terminal has been pulled through. topographic point the broad terminal one time once more in your right manus and the scraggy terminal in your left manus. Measure 5: Now put the broad terminal behind the scraggy terminal. DO NOT GO THROUGH THE LOOP AGAIN! Then put the broad terminal in your left manus and the scraggy terminal in your right manus. Measure 6: Then take the broad terminal and topographic point it through the cringle once more. but this clip through the front terminal of the cringle. At this point the scraggy terminal shouldbe in forepart of the broad terminal. Measure 7: Following wrap the broad terminal around the knot. Once your broad portion hits the dorsum of the knot draw the broad subdivision through the back side of the cringle. Measure 8: Now open the top portion of the knot and glide the broad portion of your tie through. Adjust to suit. Now retrieve ties are a great manner to look serious. So be prepared for people to halt and notice on how sophisticated you look! Now go place and pattern binding your tie.

Franz Schubert

I have heard the angels sing proclaimed Franz Schubert upon hearing music from Niccolo Paganini, composer of 24 violin caprices, Witchs Dance, Perpetual Motion, the orchestral Concerto in D Major, Carnival of Venice, and La Capanella. . Niccolo Paganini has been called the greatest violin player of all time. He was not only the toast of all Europe, he was a legend in his own time. His fab- ulous command of his instrument was no legend, nor was it legend that no au- dience failed to succumb to a kind of spell in the presence of his musical genius. Not only his playing but his cadaverous appearance on the stage aroused awe and terror. His pale , long face with its hollow cheeks and lips curled into a sardonic smile, the piercing expression of his eyes, fed the rumor that he was the son of the devil. The word spread that the G string of his violin was made from the intestines of a murdered mi stress. Despite all of this he was worship- ed wherever he went. Women pursued him, musicians followed him from Paganinis father raised his son with cruelty and relentless practice sessions. Aware that he had a prodigy on his hands and eager to capitalize, he kept Niccolo from any schooling. His mother added to his fervour with the frequent recital of a dream, where an angel promised her that her son would be the greatest violin player ever. Niccolo quickly exhausted his teachers, and when he was just eight years old played a concerto in a local church with such success that he was forever in demand. By the age of thirteen he was known as the won- derchild. Some additional study took place between the years of fourteen and sixteen, bu...

Immediate and Continuing Care at the Surgical Department Essay

Immediate and Continuing Care at the Surgical Department - Essay Example During the post-surgical operation, part of my duty includes monitoring the patients for signs of shock, ensure that the patients’ surgical wound is free from infection, and manage the patients’ post-operative pain. At all times, surgical nurses should be able to deliver holistic care to the patients. It means that part of the duty of surgical nurses is to satisfy the pathophysiological, socio-economic, psychological and spiritual dimensions of healthcare. For this reason, it is equally important on the part of surgical nurses to carefully study and re-examine the health and socio-economic consequences of using a prolonged peripheral IV line and the possibility of generating avoidable infection out of using these devices. When I was assigned to care for Mr. Phillip, part of my duty was to regulate his IV line. While regulating his peripheral IV line, I started to wonder how often nurses should change their line to prevent the risk of IV line infection (ONE PROBLEM IDENT IFIED... Delete this part). Is it really safe to extend the patient’s peripheral IV catheter line for up to 96 hours? What does the NHS say about extending the patient’s peripheral IV catheter line from 72 to 96 hours? When exactly is the right time for surgical nurses to change the patients’ peripheral IV lines? To address these research questions, a literature review be conducted based on some peer-reviewed journals. Using search words and phrases like â€Å"health consequences of prolonged peripheral IV line journal†, â€Å"NHS peripheral IV line†, â€Å"hand washing IV line infection†, and â€Å"peripheral IV line 72 96 hours journal†, the researcher will gather evidenced-based journals directly from the databases of NCBI/Pubmed, Medline, and Pubmed Central. Based on the actual literature review, a proposed change will be highlighted in this study followed by describing its actual contribution to the nursing practice, the rational e underpinning the proposed change in patient care, alternative strategies and reasons underpinning the final choice of action, ways on how the proposed change in patient care can be evaluated, and its expected outcomes. Prior to the research study conclusion, the ethical and legal considerations behind the implementation of the proposed change will be tackled in details. Literature Review Intravenous catheterization is one of the most common invasive intravenous procedures being performed in patients who were admitted in a hospital. Basically, the main purpose of administering intravenous fluids on admitted patients is important in terms of promoting electrolyte balance in the human body, for rehydration purposes for patients who are dehydrated due to prolonged diarrhoea, to provide the patients with glucose (dextrose) to increase the body’s metabolism, and administration of water-soluble vitamins and other medications like antibiotics into intravenous line. (Morgan, Range, & Staton, 2007; Kozier et al., 2004, p. 1387). Since IV line insertion is invasive by nature, patients who are receiving IV fluids can be at risk of developing hospital-acquired infection. In most cases, the development of intravenous-related infection is related to the failure of health care professionals to apply a strict sterile technique when performing and managing the intravenous insertion and removal process (O’Grady et al., 2002).

Step by Step Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Step by Step Procedure - Essay Example It identifies the individual student’s capabilities and skills. It also constructs an ambitious and hopeful future. Planning involves the student in the monitoring program and makes the student feel important and engenders concepts of â€Å"self-determination† (Individualized Service Plan, n.d., p. 11). Based on this conceptual framework, the following Step-by-Step Academic Plan is suggested for intervening in and monitoring an individual student’s academic instruction and progress. Step 1: Once a student is identified and his or her specific needs are identified, conduct a survey calculated to gather information relative to the student’s identified area of risk in terms of learning and the student’s academic goals overall. Step 3: Record the basic information in the Academic Plan. Basic information includes, Student name, identification number, date, high school, academic year and whether or not the student is one academic probation. Step 4: Provide a summary of the student’s needs. For instance record the student’s year at school, where academic support is required and the student’s academic goals. State the student’s academic goals in his or her own words. Step 5: Set out the steps to be taken and monitored relative to the Academic Plan. Identify the start date and record the need identified in a specific subject. Next establish the student’s academic goals with respect to the area in which the student is underachieving. List the student’s responsibilities with respect to meeting the desired goals. For instance the student may be required to attend tutoring or will study or do both for a specific period. List the advisor’s responsibilities as well. The advisor may be required to collaborate with the student’s tutor relative to progress in the area of assistance. The advisor may also be required to have on-going study conferences with the student. The advisor will also be required to monitor the

Maternal bonding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maternal bonding - Essay Example According to Sosa (1980, pg. 1), â€Å"The human maternal infant bond starts early in pregnancy, has a tendency to strengthen as the child grows older and is affected by numerous factors (see Figure 6). At the present time, data to support the existence of a sensitive period in the human species are inconclusive. Although a majority of mothers feel a sense of belonging to their infants immediately after birth, in some mothers this sense of intimacy commences at a later time. McFarland has pointed out that normal women become attached to their infants at different intervals of time: 41% during pregnancy, 24% at birth, 27% during the first week of life, and the remaining 8% after the first week of life.† The behavior of mothers is influenced by a number of factors. These can include, but are not limited to, the way in which the mother was raised, social and economic conditions, cultural beliefs, parental relationships with the mother’s own parents, and pregnancy experiences to date. The human baby is unable to care for himself, unlike many other animal species. This means that it is up to the mother to extensively care for her infant in order for it to survive. Thankfully, both the mother and the baby have been shown in studies to be ready to interact shortly after birth. Furthermore, the human infant has been shown to be able to interact socially and have far more other abilities than what was previously thought. For instance, the human infant has been shown to interact with his mother via visual and audio stimuli, such as eye contact and turning the head towards the breast (Sosa, 1980). The cultural and traditional beliefs in the area in which a mother resides can influence the behavior between her and her infant. Most cultures consider the birth of an infant a happy event and accept it as a regular part of life. Furthermore, studies show that mothers and babies remain close throughout both infancy and early childhood. Even throughout

Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Essay Example for Free

Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Essay Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Introduction Question 1 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Formal teams are teams whose structures are clearly defined mainly of the basis of specialization. In these types of teams, the members are not equal and every one of them has a rank (Moorhead Griffin, 73). For example, there are managers, supervisors and other junior employees. It is worthy noting that every member of a formal team performs their specific duties. For example, managers stay in their offices and issues directives to their juniors. On the other hand, informal teams have no structure and all team members are seen as equal regardless of their specialty. In these types of teams, any member can perform any task. Question 2 A team in Starbucks consists of three to six people and this helps the employees to know each other well. Any opinion expressed by employees is given an equal significance regardless of their position. The top management at Starbucks work together with their juniors which makes them more familiar and closer compared to other bureaucratic companies. The management at Starbucks treats all employees as equals and this is aimed at reducing the gap between the employees and the management. The top management at the company believes that employees are its main spirit. Consequently, the management adopts an interactive organizational structure that makes the employees love their jobs and perform them with passion. Question 3 a) The size of a team is an important factor because it determines how well the team members know each other. This is important because it brings about cohesion in the work place. b) The first benefit of Starbucks having small teams of staff in every branch is that the team members get to know each other better. Secondly, it improves communication within the group. Question 4 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   From the Starbucks case study, it is clear that there are three major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process namely listening to the opinion of its employees, equal treatment and ensuring good welfare for the employees. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Equal treatment- this is one of the major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process. Equal treatment requires all employees to be treated equally regardless of their position. According to the case study, it is clear that the management at the company treats all employees as equals and refers to them as partners. This is important because it narrows the gap between the employees and the management. Treating every employees fairly and equally in the workplace results in a friendly working environment. Consequently, if the issue of equal treatment is addressed in the planning process, it will help in creating closer working atmosphere and good management (Rynes Rosen 64). Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Listening to the employees- listening to the employees is other issue that requires to be addressed in the planning process. From the Starbucks case, it is clear that the company wants every employee to take part in developing plans and work as a team to achieve the set goals. Consequently, the company’s principles and policies are communicated to all employees, and there is no restriction in the employee’s individual opinions. By listening to the employees, makes them feel important which in turn motivates them hence increasing their productivity (Rynes Rosen, 83). References Moorhead, G., Griffin, R. W. Managing organizational behavior. (10th ed.). Cengage Learning., 2012. Print Rynes, S., Rosen, B. A field survey of factors affecting the adoption and perceived success of diversity training. Personnel Psychology, 1995. Print Source document

Rumors in Baldwins Notes of a Native Son Essay example -- James Baldw

Rumors When students across the United States study the 1940’s, one main topic is focused on, World War II. Students learn that during the forties, Europe was war torn and America sent its troops overseas to fight in some of the most infamous battles of the twentieth century. But what is left out of history lessons is what was going on American soil when the battles across the ocean were raging on. This decade was a racially charged time in American history, even though this fact is over shadowed by the Nazis of Germany in history books. Several race riots occurred in the forties. Even though they were equal in violence to the riots of the Civil Rights Movement in the sixties, many Americans forget the riots of the forties. The biggest and bloodiest race riot of the 1940’s took place in Detroit, Michigan, in June of 1943. Several publications covered the riots, and none of the printed facts ever matched up until years later. This rioting resulted from a rumor that flow ed through city streets. The rumor and the riot that it caused destroyed an entire city and many human lives. James Baldwin emphasizes the historical significance of rumors and uses this theme in his essay, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† to highlight the struggle toward equality. On June 21, the city of Detroit exploded as racial tensions finally reached their boiling point. Various news organizations, such as Time and Newsweek, covered the story. At the time of the riots, none of the reported accounts of the uprising matched. The most disputed facts were the discrepancies regarding why the riot started, the number of deaths and injuries, and the exact time the riot began. Yet, most news sources reported that around six hundred people were taken into cu... ...etimes these tensions exploded into riots, as in Detroit. Printed sources of the time recorded bits and pieces of varying data and left out other information. The public was finally beginning to become conscious of the racial inequalities in American cities. In addition, James Baldwin provided future generations a view of the injustices of the time. Works Cited Brown, Earl. "The Truth About the Detroit Riot." Harper's Magazine Nov. 1943: 488-498. "Deep Trouble." Time 28 Jun. 1943: 19. Momboisse, Raymond M. Riots, Revolts and Insurrections. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1967. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. Person's Index: Facts On File. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1943. "Riotous Race Hate." Newsweek 28 Jun. 1943: 42-43. Rumors in Baldwin's Notes of a Native Son Essay example -- James Baldw Rumors When students across the United States study the 1940’s, one main topic is focused on, World War II. Students learn that during the forties, Europe was war torn and America sent its troops overseas to fight in some of the most infamous battles of the twentieth century. But what is left out of history lessons is what was going on American soil when the battles across the ocean were raging on. This decade was a racially charged time in American history, even though this fact is over shadowed by the Nazis of Germany in history books. Several race riots occurred in the forties. Even though they were equal in violence to the riots of the Civil Rights Movement in the sixties, many Americans forget the riots of the forties. The biggest and bloodiest race riot of the 1940’s took place in Detroit, Michigan, in June of 1943. Several publications covered the riots, and none of the printed facts ever matched up until years later. This rioting resulted from a rumor that flow ed through city streets. The rumor and the riot that it caused destroyed an entire city and many human lives. James Baldwin emphasizes the historical significance of rumors and uses this theme in his essay, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† to highlight the struggle toward equality. On June 21, the city of Detroit exploded as racial tensions finally reached their boiling point. Various news organizations, such as Time and Newsweek, covered the story. At the time of the riots, none of the reported accounts of the uprising matched. The most disputed facts were the discrepancies regarding why the riot started, the number of deaths and injuries, and the exact time the riot began. Yet, most news sources reported that around six hundred people were taken into cu... ...etimes these tensions exploded into riots, as in Detroit. Printed sources of the time recorded bits and pieces of varying data and left out other information. The public was finally beginning to become conscious of the racial inequalities in American cities. In addition, James Baldwin provided future generations a view of the injustices of the time. Works Cited Brown, Earl. "The Truth About the Detroit Riot." Harper's Magazine Nov. 1943: 488-498. "Deep Trouble." Time 28 Jun. 1943: 19. Momboisse, Raymond M. Riots, Revolts and Insurrections. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1967. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. Person's Index: Facts On File. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1943. "Riotous Race Hate." Newsweek 28 Jun. 1943: 42-43.

Jai Ho

Assignment: Inverted Index October 19, 2012 1 Introduction Today, top search engines like Google and Yahoo use a data structure called Inverted Index for their matching of queries to the documents and give users the relevant documents according to their rank. Inverted Index is basically a mapping from a word to its position of occurence in the document. Since a word may appear more than once in the document, storing all the positions and the frequency of a word in the document gives an idea of relevance of this document for a particular word.If such an inverted index is build up for each document in the collection, then when a query is ? red, a search can be done for the query in these indexes and ranking is obtained according to the frequency. Mathematically, an inverted index for a document D and strings s1 , s2 , †¦ , sn is of the form s1 ? > a1 , a1 , †¦ 1 2 s2 ? > a2 , a2 , †¦ 1 2 . . . sn ? > an , an , †¦ 2 1 where ak denotes the lth position of k th word in the document D. l To build up this kind of data structure e? iently, Tries are used. Tries are a good data structure for strings as searching becomes very simple here with every leaf node describing one word. To build up an inverted index given a set of documents using trie, following steps are followed †¢ Traverse one document and insert words into a trie. As a leaf node is reached, assign it a number (in increasing order) representing its location in the index (staring from 0). Add the position of this word into the index. Now for a word which occur more than once in the document, when attempt for second insertion into the trie is made, a leaf node already containing that word would be found and its value would tell the location in the index. So simply go to this index and add another position for this word. †¢ Do this till end of document is reached. Now, you have a trie and an inverted index for the ? rst document. †¢ Repeat this procedure for the rest of the doc uments. 1 Now follow the below steps to search for a word from the inverted indexes and tries of all the documents †¢ For every document, ? st search for the word in the corresponding trie and get its location in the inverted index of that document. †¢ Then traverse through all the positions and see which document has most frequency and arrange the documents accordingly (in decreasing order). Also, in every document there are special words called â€Å"anchor texts† which have more importance than a normal text word. For example – a download link. So for the same word, its occurence as an anchor text increases the relevance of that document over its normal occurence. 2 Problem StatementFor this assignment, you need to create an inverted index for a collection C of documents from 1 to n. Every document will be a plain text ? le with ? rst line storing its id from 1 to n and next few lines containing space or new line separated words. The index should be an arr ay of lists with size of array equal to total number of distinct words in the array and the list for each word contains the locations of the word in the document. The trie used for this construction can be represented in any form (array/linked list/trees etc. ).So you would have n such tries and inverted indexes. Then you should ask user for the queries (single-word) and give the order of documents in decreasing order of relevance. For our case, the anchor texts are represented by following the word with a ?. So if you have something like – â€Å"Rats fear cats and cats* fear dogs. † then here 1st cat is a normal word whereas 2nd cat is an anchor text. So now your array size will be 2 ? totalnumberof distinctwords in the document as you would store positions of normal text and anchor text separately for a given word.And now relevance should ? rst be decided by the frequency of anchor texts and within them collision should be resolved by frequency of normal text. D1 D2 D3 1 it is what it is 2 what is it 3 it is a banana Below are the corresponding tries and inverted indexes for the 3 documents (? gure 1). 2 Figure 1: Trie and Inverted Index for Documents 1, 2 and 3 Now if query is â€Å"it† – then search in 1st index gives – 0, 3(f req = 2), 2nd index gives 2(f req = 1) and 3rd one gives 0(f req = 1).So, our output is – 1, 2, 3or1, 3, 2 (as document 2 and 3 have equal relevance). NOTE †¢ The names of the data ? les should be taken from command line. After 3 building the inverted index, you should ask for query again from command prompt and also give an option of quitting any time the user want. †¢ The inverted indexes should be written to ? les named as â€Å"1†¦ n. txt† with each line corresponding to one word in the document. †¢ You can ignore case-sensitive words i. e. , Cat and cat are same. †¢ Also ignore symbols in the text (if any) like . ,-? 4

Estimating Informal settlers in the Philippines Essay

In the Housing Backlog Study commissioned by the HUDCC, the Consultants prepared the estimates of Informal Settlers in the Philippines. According to the Spatial Statistics of Informal Settlers in the Philippines component of the Study, informal settler families reached an estimated 550,771 households as of August 1, 2007. This is based on the extrapolation made using the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) and the 2007 Census of Population. The study showed that the highest concentration of informal settlers was in Quezon City, having more than 90 thousand households. Far second are Rizal in Calabarzon and Davao City in the Davao Region, both with more than 20 thousand households in the informal settler sector. Table 1. Results of the Mapping of Informal Settlers in the Philippines It should be noted that for this specific study, Informal Settlers are defined as those households1 whose tenure status is â€Å"rent-free without consent of owner†. The 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) data provides statistics on households with tenure of lot, â€Å"rent-free without consent of owner† which were then classified as informal settlers. However, the 2007 Census of Population did not include the â€Å"housing aspect†, hence the study used the characteristic observed in CPH 2000 to project the numbers for 2007. The HUDCC then compared the result of the Study with the Survey on Informal Settlers in Metro Manila conducted by the NHA in 2007. In Table 2, the NHA identified 544,609 informal settler families in Metro Manila, while the NS0-CPH figures account for only 199,398 informal settler families. 1 Household- a group of persons who sleep in the same housing unit and have a common arrangement in the preparation and consumption of food. Page 1 of 6 Table 2. Comparison of Estimated Number of Informal Settlers in Metro Manila, 2007 The discrepancy between the Census-derived figures and the data from NHA can be explained by the different definitions and methodologies adopted by the NSO and the NHA. DEFINING AND IDENTIFYING INFORMAL SETTLERS The National Census Office has defined Informal Settlers as â€Å"households occupying a lot rent-free without the consent of the owner†. In Census questionnaires on Tenure Status of the Lot, the respondent is asked, â€Å"Do you own or amortize this lot occupied by your household, do you rent it, or do you occupy it rent-free with consent of owner or rent-free without consent of the owner?† Moreover, the Census questionnaires also generate data on type of building or house, construction materials of the roof, construction materials of the outer walls, state of repair of building/house, year building/house was built, floor area of the housing unit, tenure status of the lot . During Census of Population and Housing held every ten years, additional questions are asked from a 20 percent sample on the following: fuel for lighting, fuel for cooking, source of water supply for drinking and/or cooking, source of water for laundry and/or bathing, tenure status of the housing unit, acquisition of the housing unit, source of financing, monthly rental of the housing unit, usual manner of garbage disposal, kind of toilet/facility, land ownership. Page 2 of 6 The National Housing Authority and Local Government Units, on the other hand, must follow the multi-faceted approach provided in RA 7279 or the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 or UDHA in identifying â€Å"homeless and underprivileged citizens† or more broadly, informal settlers. UDHA does not use the term â€Å"informal settlers† nor â€Å"squatters† but adopts the term â€Å"homeless and underprivileged citizens †2 . At the same time, the law mandates LGUs to undertake a Registration3 of Socialized Housing Beneficiaries, subject to eligibility criteria4. Special considerations are also provided for persons and entities who may be subject to eviction and demolition5 particularly those occupying danger areas and other public places, or areas affected by government infrastructure projects, and in lands when there is a court order for eviction and demolition. Moreover, UDHA also distinguishes potential housing beneficiaries from professional squatters and squatting syndicates (Section 27) and new squatters (Section 44) who occupy the area after March 31, 1992. The identification of homeless and underprivileged/socialized housing beneficiary or more broadly â€Å"informal settlers† in UDHA must take the following into consideration several aspects: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ location in urban and urbanizable areas family income non-ownership of housing facilities elsewhere in the Philippines occupancy in makeshift dwelling units security of tenure location of dwelling (danger areas, public spaces, government infrastructure projects, private land) not a member of a squatting syndicate not a professional squatter the business of squatter housing for profit or gain occupancy of the land before March 31, 1992 To this end, the LGUs and the NHA conduct â€Å"censuses† on specific areas that involve physical survey of the area, tagging of every structure, mapping and household listing, ownership of structure, tenure arrangements (rental, sharing arrangements, absentee holdings), as well family composition, source of income, education. â€Å"Censuses† of informal settlers identify all households and even families, as well as structure owners, tenants, sharers, and other occupants, especially if the area will be cleared of structures for infrastructure development; for safety considerations in danger areas, or due to court orders. However, only a handful of LGUs conduct regular â€Å"censuses† of informal settlers and report their findings to HUDCC. 2 Section 3. t.â€Å"Underprivileged and homeless citizens† refers to the beneficiaries of this Act and to individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas whose income or combined household income falls within the poverty threshold as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority and who do not own housing facilities. This shall include those who live in makeshift dwelling units and do not enjoy security of tenure 3 Section 17 Registration of Socialized Housing Beneficiaries – The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, in coordination with the local government units, shall design a system for the registration of qualified Program beneficiaries in accordance with the Framework. The local government units, within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, shall identify and register all beneficiaries their respective localities. 4 Sec. 16. Eligibility Criteria for Socialized Housing Program Beneficiaries – To qualify for the socialized housing program, a beneficiary: a. Must be a Filipino; b. Must be an underprivileged and homeless citizen, as defined in Section 3 of this Act; c. Must not own any real property whether in the urban or rural areas; and d.Must not be a professional squatter or a member of squatting syndicate 5 Section 28. Eviction and Demolition Eviction or demolition as a practice shall be discouraged. Eviction or demolition, however, may be allowed under the following situations: a. When persons or entities occupy danger areas such as esteros, railroad tracks, garbage dumps, riverbanks, shorelines, waterways, and other public places such as sidewalks, roads, parks, and playgrounds; b. When government infrastructure projects with available funding are about to be implemented; or c. When there is a court order for eviction and demolition. Page 3 of 6 It is in this regard that there is a need to improve the data collection techniques for informal settlers in the Philippines. IMPROVING DATA COLLECTION FOR INFORMAL SETTLERS Faced with the challenges of coming up with realistic and systematic information of informal settlers, the HUDCC has taken the lead in several initiatives: Defining â€Å"informal settlers† and designing data collection schemes The HUDCC proposed defining the term â€Å"informal settlers† as those households living in i) lot without consent of the property owner; ii) danger areas; iii) areas for government infrastructure projects; iv) protected/forest areas (except for indigenous people); v) Areas for Priority Development (APDs), if applicable; and vi) other government/public lands or facilities not intended for habitation. The definition is based on the UDHA provision of households that will be affected by eviction and demolition namely those in danger areas such as river/waterways, railroad tracks, dumpsites; those in government lands, and those in private lands. The definition thus focuses on the spatial nature of population distribution of informal settlers. This definition also reflects the operational requirements for clearing of danger areas and those areas affected by government projects which targets all households, regardless of income or even tenure status. In this regard, mapping of such sites to guide the NSO will be crucial. Operationally the HUDCC has made arrangements with the National Statistics Office and the National Statistical Coordination Board through the Technical Committee on Population and Housing Statistics (TCPHS) that this definition be adopted during the 2010 Census of Population. The HUDCC moved for the inclusion of the following question to be answered by the enumerator through observation: Encircle the actual or the nearest physical location of the housing unit of the respondent: 1 Residential area 2 Along river/creek/canal/estero/waterways 3 Along the railroad 4 Easements of road and/or highway and/or under the bridge 5 Inside cemetery 6 Areas for government infrastructure projects 7 Within dumpsites 8 Within protected areas and forest lands Page 4 of 6 9 Within compound of government hospital, school, military camps or other public institution and facilities 10 Within private lands 11 Others, specify______________________ The NSO, through Administrator Ericta considered the request of HUDCC as a post census activity. The HUDCC was also required to come up with maps delineating barangays boundaries, limits of danger areas, and even extent of right-of-way to guide the post-census validation. The HUDCC offered to concentrate first on Metro Manila informal settlers in coordination with Metro Manila Development Authority. To this end the HUDCC coordinated with the Metro Manila Development Authority which committed to generate maps from its member-LGUs. It should be noted that the MMDA was also engaged in its own update of the Informal Settler Families in Metro Manila and welcomed the opportunity to bridge the inconsistency between the generated ISF data of HUDCC with their own database. In this regard the HUDCC facilitated a workshop between NSO and MMDA to harmonize the data gathering system of the two agencies. The National Statistical Coordination Board, through the TCHPS took cognizance of the strong demand for population data for danger areas/zones and recommended that the â€Å"HUDCC first provide an operational definition of these areas and then identify and prepare a listing of these areas by barangays. With the operational definition and listing of danger areas/zones, the HUDCC may coordinate with NSO for the generation of the population data for these areas as part of the post census activities.† The Department of National Defense also supported the concern for more population data on those in danger areas/ zone, with its comments made during the Referendum among the NSCB Board Members (November 11, 2009) when it stated: 2. On Population count for danger areas/zone It may be appropriate to link this up with the work of the Interagency Committee on Security Sector Statistics (IACSSS). The IASCSSS may identify conflict-affected areas and study the correlation, if any, between census-generated data on population and housing with other demographic data, as inputs to policy and strategy formulation. This may be done as an after-census activity. Moreover, there is an ongoing effort to develop the â€Å"hazard map† of the Philippines, showing the vulnerabilities of various regions/provinces in terms of disasters, such as typhoons, earthquakes, landslides and others. Data on population and housing will be very critical in the formulation of policies and disaster management plans. Page 5 of 6 DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER-AIDED SYSTEM OF SOCIALIZED HOUSING BENEFICIARY REGISTRATION SYSTEM FOR LGUs Section 17 of RA 7279, Registration of Socialized Housing Beneficiaries, directs the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, in coordination with the local government units, to design a system for the registration of qualified Program beneficiaries. The local government units, within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, shall identify and register all beneficiaries their respective localities.. To this end a simple form indicating family composition, and tenure status was designed to be filled up by the potential beneficiaries during the Registration date designated by the LGU. More than a decade later, the Housing Backlog Study was able to generate a computer program that will assist the LGUs administer the registration. The computer program will facilitate encoding, and even gather biometric data (photos, etc.) and ease reporting requirements. The Computer-based data entry system on beneficiary listing in the CD which was tested in Taguig and Muntinlupa , in which both LGUs expressed their appreciation for the program. NEXT STEPS  The HUDCC continues to coordinate with the MMDA and the NSO with regard to the processing of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing. To date, the MMDA has been able to consolidate the reports of informal settlers in Metro Manila from 15 out of the is 17 component LGUs . Maps have been prepared in  several municipalities. Under the new administration of Vice President Jejomar Binay, the HUDCC has refocused its housing thrusts to building new homes for the poor in partnership with NGOs like the Gawad Kalinga and Habitat for Humanity, and to empower LGUs to assume a bigger role in providing housing for their constituents. In this regard, the Computer-aided system developed by the SRTC could be easily mobilized. The HUDCC will also work with the NSCB and the Interagency Committee on Security Sector Statistics (IACSSS) as suggested by the DND in order to design a better data collection system. To this end, the HUDCC envisions that future population data will also have a spatial component, with mapping incorporated in the data-gathering and reporting – using a GIS approach to identifying potential housing beneficiaries in the near future. CONCLUSION The quest to improve the database on informal settlers was the result of open dialogues and the support of the NSO, the MMDA and the NSCB. The dialogues were able to generate a definition of â€Å"informal settlers† that is based on location and is complementary to the needs of agencies that will address the needs of these households. As the Philippines and the rest of the world grow more urban in nature with the attendant challenges of urban blight, overcrowding, poor quality of life , better data gather methods and baseline data will be crucial in identifying areas and sector that will need interventions. The latest computer programs should be used as tools to And we hope when the next Census of Population and Housing comes around in nine years, we are better equipped so that we can cover the whole Philippines . Page 6 of 6